Once-Through System

This is the simplest of the three systems (see Fig. 4.41). Typical applica­tions include

• Process water

• Potable water

• General service supplies

Advantages

1. Low initial cost

2. Space savings, small footprints

Heat

Exchanger

0

Pump

FfGURE 4.40 Cooling water system (closed recirculation).

Disadvantages

1. Low average temperature change, only in the 3-6 °C range

2. Expensive in water consumption, with large volume flow rates

3. Sewer discharge costs

4. Corrosion

5. Fouling and scale problems

6. Microbiological problems

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